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1 system
system of axes3-component LDV system3-D LDV system4-D system4-D flight-management system4-D guidance systemAC electrical systemactuation systemaerial delivery systemaerostat systemAEW systemafterburning control systemAI-based expert systemaileron-to-rudder systemair bleed offtake systemair cushion systemair cycle systemair data systemair defence systemair induction systemair refueling systemair traffic control systemair-combat advisory systemair-conditioning systemair-path axis systemair-turbine starting systemairborne early warning systemaircooling systemaircraft reference axis systemaircraft weight-and-balance measuring systemaircraft-autopilot systemaircraft-based systemaircraft-bifilar-pendulum systemaircraft-carried earth axis systemaircraft-carried normal earth axis systemaircrew escape systemairfield lighting control systemairframe/rotor systemairspeed systemalcohol-wash systemalignment control systemall-electronic systemall-weather mission systemaltitude loss warning systemangle-of-attack command systemanti-collision systemanti-g systemantitorque systemanti-icing systemantiskid systemarea-navigation systemARI systemartificial feel systemartificial intelligence-based expert systemartificially augmented flight control systemATC systemattitude and heading reference systemaudio systemaudiovisual systemauto-diagnosis systemauto-hover systemautolanding systemautomatic cambering systemautomatic trim systemautostabilization systemautotrim systemaxis systemB systembalance-fixed coordinate systembase-excited systembasic axis systembeam-foundation systembifilar pendulum suspension systembladder systemblowing systemblowing boundary layer control systemblown flap systembody axis systembody axis coordinate systembody-fitted coordinate systembody-fixed reference systemboom systemboosted flight control systembraking systembreathing systembuddy-buddy refuelling systemcabin pressurization systemcable-mount systemCAD systemcanopy's jettison systemcardiovascular systemcargo loading systemcargo-handling systemcarrier catapult systemcartesian axis systemCat III systemcentral nervous systemCGI systemcirculating oil systemclosed cooling systemclosed-loop systemcockpit systemcockpit management systemcollision avoidance systemcombined cooling systemcommand-by-voice systemcommand/vehicle systemcommercial air transportation systemcompensatory systemcomputer-aided design systemcomputer-assisted systemcomputer-generated image systemcomputer-generated visual systemconcentrated-mass systemconflict-alert systemconservative systemconstant bandwidth systemconstant gain systemconsultative expert systemcontrol systemcontrol augmented systemcontrol loader systemcooling systemcoordinate systemcounterstealth systemcoupled systemcoupled fire and flight-control systemcovert mission systemcrew systemscueing systemcurvilinear coordinate systemdamped systemdata systemdata acquisition systemdata handling systemdata transfer systemdata-gathering systemDC electrical systemdecision support systemdefensive avionics systemdeicing systemdemisting systemdeparture prevention systemdeterministic systemdual-dual redundant system4-D navigation system6-DOF motion systemdiagnosable systemdial-a-flap systemdirect impingement starting systemdisplacement control systemdisplay systemdisplay-augmented systemdivergent systemDLC systemdogfight systemdoor-to-door systemDoppler ground velocity systemdouble-balance systemdrive systemdrive train/rotor systemdry air refueling systemdual-field-of-view systemdual-wing systemdynamic systemearly-warning systemEarth-centered coordinate systemearth-fixed axis systemearth/sky/horizon projector systemejection systemejection display systemejection seat escape systemejection sequence systemejector exhaust systemejector lift systemelection safety systemelectric starting systemelectro-expulsive deicing systemelectro-impulse deicing systemelectro-vibratory deicing systemelectronic flight instrumentation systemElint systememergency power systememitter locator systemEMP-protected systemengine monitoring systemengine-propeller systemengine-related systemenhanced lift systemenvelope-limiting systemenvironmental control systemescape systemexcessive pitch attitude warning systemexhaust systemFADEC systemfault-tolerant systemFBW systemfeathering systemfeedback systemfeel systemfin axis systemfire detection systemfire suppression systemfire-extinguishing systemfire-protection systemfive-point restraint systemfixed-structure control systemflap systemflap/slat systemflash-protection systemflexible manufacturing systemflight control systemflight control actuation systemflight director systemflight inspection systemflight management systemflight path systemflight path axis systemflight test systemflight-test instrumentation systemflotation systemfluid anti-icing systemflutter control systemflutter margin augmentation systemflutter suppression systemfluttering systemfly-by-light systemfly-by-light control systemfly-by-wire systemfly-by-wire/power-by-wire control systemfoolproof systemforce-excited systemforce-feel systemforward vision augmentation systemfuel conservative guidance systemfuel management systemfuel transfer systemfull-vectoring systemfull-authority digital engine control systemfull-motion systemfull-state systemfull-time systemfully articulated rotor systemfuselage axis systemg-command systemg-cueing systemg-limiting systemgas generator control systemgas turbine starting systemglobal positioning systemgoverning systemground collision avoidance systemground proximity warning systemground-axes systemground-fixed coordinate systemground-referenced navigation systemgust alleviation systemgust control systemgyroscopic systemgyroscopically coupled systemhalon fire-extinguishing systemhalon gas fire-fighting systemhands-off systemhead-aimed systemheadup guidance systemhelmet pointing systemhelmet-mounted visual systemhierarchical systemhigh-damping systemhigh-authority systemhigh-lift systemhigh-order systemhigh-pay-off systemhigh-resolution systemhigher harmonic control systemhose-reel systemhot-gas anti-icing systemhub plane axis systemhub plane reference axis systemhub-fixed coordinate systemhydraulic systemhydraulic starting systemhydropneumatic systemhydrostatic motion systemhysteretic systemice-protection systemicing cloud spray systemicing-protection systemidentification friend or foe systemimage generator systemin-flight entertainment systemincidence limiting systeminert gas generating systeminertial coordinate systeminertial navigation systeminertial reference systeminfinite-dimensional systeminformation management systeminlet boundary layer control systeminlet control systeminput systeminstruction systeminstrument landing systeminstrumentation systemintelligence systemintelligent systeminterconnection systemintermediate axis systemintrusion alarm systemintrusion detection systeminverted fuel systemlanding guidance systemlarge-travel motion systemlaser-based visual systemlateral attitude control systemlateral control systemlateral feel systemlateral seat restraint systemlateral-directional stability and command augmentation systemlead compensated systemleft-handed coordinate systemleg restraint systemlife support systemliferaft deployment systemlift-distribution control systemlighter-than-air systemlightly damped systemlightning protection systemlightning sensor systemlightning warning systemlimited-envelope flight control systemlinear vibrating systemliquid oxygen systemload control systemload indication systemlocal-horizon systemloom systemlow-damping systemlow-order systemLQG controlled systemlubrication systemlumped parameter systemMach number systemmain transmission systemmaintenance diagnostic systemmaintenance record systemman-in-the-loop systemman-machine systemmaneuver demand systemmaneuvering attack systemmass-spring-dashpot systemmass-spring-damper systemmast-mounted sight systemmechanical-hydraulic flight control systemmicrowave landing systemMIMO systemmine-sweeping systemmissile systemmissile-fixed systemmission-planning systemmobile aircraft arresting systemmodal cancellation systemmodal suppression systemmode-decoupling systemmodel reference systemmodel-based visual systemmodel-following systemmodelboard systemmolecular sieve oxygen generation systemmonopulse systemmotion systemmotion generation systemmulti-input single-output systemmulti-input, multi-output systemmultimode systemmultibody systemmultidegree-of-freedom systemmultiloop systemmultiple-input single output systemmultiple-input, multiple-output systemmultiple-loop systemmultiple-redundant systemmultiply supported systemmultishock systemmultivariable systemnavigation management systemnavigation/attack systemnavigation/bomb systemNDT systemneuromuscular systemnight/dusk visual systemportable aircraft arresting systemnitrogen inerting systemno-tail-rotor systemnonminimum phase systemnonoscillatory systemnonconservative systemnormal earth-fixed axis systemNotar systemnozzle control systemnuclear-hardened systemobserver-based systemobstacle warning systemoil systemon-board inert gas generation systemon-board maintenance systemon-board oxygen generating systemon-off systemone degree of freedom systemone-shot lubrication systemopen cooling systemopen seat escape systemopen-loop systemoperability systemoptic-based control systemoptimally controlled systemorthogonal axis systemoxygen generation systemparachute systempartial vectoring systempartial vibrating systemperformance-seeking systemperturbed systempilot reveille systempilot vision systempilot-aircraft systempilot-aircraft-task systempilot-in-the-loop systempilot-manipulator systempilot-plus-airplane systempilot-vehicle-task systempilot-warning systempilot/vehicle systempitch change systempitch compensation systempitch stability and command augmentation systempitch rate systempitch rate command systempitch rate flight control systempneumatic deicing systempneumatic ice-protection systempneumodynamic systemposition hold systempower systempower-assisted systempower-boosted systempowered high-lift systempowered-lift systemprecognitive systempressurization systempreview systemprobabilistically diagnosable systemprobe refuelling systempronated escape systempropeller-fixed coordinate systempropulsive lift systemproximity warning systempursuit systempush-rod control systemquantized systemrandom systemrating systemreconfigurable systemrectangular coordinate systemreduced-gain systemreference axis systemrefuelling systemremote augmentor lift systemremote combustion systemresponse-feedback systemrestart systemrestraint systemrestructurable control systemretraction systemride-control systemride-quality systemride-quality augmentation systemride-smoothing systemright-handed axis systemright-handed coordinate systemrigid body systemrobotic refueling systemrod-mass systemroll augmentation systemroll rate command systemrotating systemrotor systemrotor isolation systemrotor-body systemrotor-wing lift systemroute planner systemrudder trim systemrudder-augmentation systemsampled-data systemscheduling systemschlieren systemsea-based systemseat restraint systemseatback video systemself-adjoint systemself-contained starting systemself-diagnosable systemself-excited systemself-repairing systemself-sealing fuel systemself-tuning systemshadow-mask systemshadowgraph systemship-fixed coordinate systemshock systemshort-closed oil systemsighting systemsimulation systemsimulator-based learning systemsingle degree of freedom systemsingle-input multiple-output systemsingularly perturbed systemsituational awareness systemsix-axis motion systemsix-degree-of-freedom motion systemsix-puck brake systemski-and-wheel systemskid-to-turn systemsnapping systemsoft mounting systemsoft ride systemsound systemspeed-stability systemspherical coordinate systemspin recovery systemspin-prevention systemspring-mass-dashpot systemstability and control augmentation systemstability augmentation systemstability axis coordinate systemstability enhancement systemstall detection systemstall inhibitor systemstall protection systemstall warning systemstarting systemstealth systemstochastic systemstorage and retrieval systemstore alignment systemstores management systemstrap-down inertial systemstructural systemstructural-mode compensation systemstructural-mode control systemstructural-mode suppression systemSTT systemsuppression systemsuspension systemtactile sensory systemtail clearance control systemtail warning systemtask-tailored systemterrain-aided navigation systemterrain-referencing systemtest systemthermal control systemthermal protection systemthreat-warning systemthree-axis augmentation systemthree-body tethered systemthree-control systemthree-gyro systemthrough-the-canopy escape systemthrust modulation systemthrust-vectoring systemtilt-fold-rotor systemtime-invariant systemtime-varying systemtip-path-plane coordinate systemtorque command/limiting systemtractor rocket systemtrailing cone static pressure systemtraining systemtrajectory guidance systemtranslation rate command systemtranslational acceleration control systemtrim systemtrim tank systemtriple-load-path systemtutoring systemtwin-dome systemtwo degree of freedom systemtwo-body systemtwo-input systemtwo-input two-output systemtwo-pod systemtwo-shock systemtwo-step shock absorber systemunpowered flap systemunpowered high-lift systemutility services management systemvapor cycle cooling systemvariable feel systemvariable stability systemvariable structure systemvestibular sensory systemvibrating systemvibration isolation systemvibration-control systemvibration-damping systemvideo-disc-based visual systemvisor projection systemvisual systemvisual display systemvisual flying rules systemvisual sensory systemvisual simulation systemvisually coupled systemvoice-activated systemvortex systemvortex attenuating systemVTOL control systemwake-imaging systemwarning systemwater injection cooling systemwater-mist systemwater-mist spray systemweather systemwheel steering systemwide angle visual systemwind coordinate systemwind shear systemwind-axes systemwind-axes coordinate systemwind-fixed coordinate systemwing axis systemwing flap systemwing sweep systemwing-load-alleviation systemwing-mounted systemwing/propulsion systemwiring systemyaw vane system -
2 local government policy
политика местных властей
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
local government policy
Any course of action adopted and pursued by a ruling political authority or system, which determines the affairs for a city, town, county or regional area. (Source: RHW)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > local government policy
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3 LSA
1) Общая лексика: Library Support Assistant2) Американизм: Local System Authority3) Спорт: Light-Sport Aircraft4) Военный термин: LAN Systems Administrator, Labor Service Agency, Local Situational Awareness, Logistics Support Agency, Logistics Support Area, Lubricant, Small Arms, landing ship, assault, light strike aircraft, logistic support area, logistics support analysis, logistics support arrangement, logistics system analysis5) Техника: large space antenna, least-squares adjustment, limited space-charge accumulation, low cost solar array6) Шутливое выражение: Lost Souls Alliance7) Юридический термин: Louisiana Statutes Annotated8) Сокращение: Libre Service d'Affranchisement (French self service weighing & labeling machine), Linguistic Society of America, Loss of Situation Awareness, Link State Advertisement, Local Security Authority, International Life-Saving Appliance Code (LSA Code) (Международный кодекс по спасательным средствам)9) Университет: La Salle Academy10) Физика: Limited Speed Arouser11) Вычислительная техника: Lotus Solution Architecture (Lotus), Link State Advertisement (OSPF)12) Космонавтика: launch services agreement13) Образование: Learning Support Assistant14) Сетевые технологии: LAN security architecture, архитектура безопасности локальной сети, (Link State Advertisement) объявление о состоянии связей15) Программирование: Last Section Altered, (LAN Security Architecture) архитектура безопасности ЛВС (см. LAN Security Architecture)16) Сахалин Р: Life Saving Appliances, low specific activity17) Авиационная медицина: loss of situational awareness18) Расширение файла: Line Sharing Adapter, LAN and SCSI Adapter (IBM), Local Security Authority (Microsoft)19) Нефть и газ: НУА, низкая удельная активность20) Нефтеперерабатывающие заводы: Life Support Accommodation -
4 LTA
1) Компьютерная техника: Long Term Archival3) Американизм: Local Training Authority4) Спорт: Louisiana Tennis Association5) Военный термин: Light Than Air, large transport airplane, launch through attack, leave travel allowance, light transport aircraft, lighter-than-air, local training area7) Строительство: Департамент земельных ресурсов (Land Trust Alliance)8) Математика: усреднённый за большой промежуток времени (long-time averaged)9) Страхование: long term agreement10) Телекоммуникации: Leased Transport Area11) Сокращение: Laser Training Aid, Launch Tube Assembly, Lawn Tennis Association, Light Tactical Aircraft (Royal Australian Air Force), Lighter Than Air, London Teachers' Association, ДОЛГОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОГЛАШЕНИЕ (ДВС) (LONG TERM AGREEMENT), ЛТК (липотейхоевая кислота)12) Фирменный знак: Leslie Taylor Associates, Inc.13) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: ПВА (lost time accident), ППА (lost time accidents), потеря времени при авариях (lost time accident), простой при авариях (lost time accidents)14) Сетевые технологии: Long Term Archiving15) Сахалин Р: lost time accident16) Общественная организация: Land Trust Alliance17) Международные перевозки: lighter than air system (airships) -
5 lta
1) Компьютерная техника: Long Term Archival3) Американизм: Local Training Authority4) Спорт: Louisiana Tennis Association5) Военный термин: Light Than Air, large transport airplane, launch through attack, leave travel allowance, light transport aircraft, lighter-than-air, local training area7) Строительство: Департамент земельных ресурсов (Land Trust Alliance)8) Математика: усреднённый за большой промежуток времени (long-time averaged)9) Страхование: long term agreement10) Телекоммуникации: Leased Transport Area11) Сокращение: Laser Training Aid, Launch Tube Assembly, Lawn Tennis Association, Light Tactical Aircraft (Royal Australian Air Force), Lighter Than Air, London Teachers' Association, ДОЛГОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОГЛАШЕНИЕ (ДВС) (LONG TERM AGREEMENT), ЛТК (липотейхоевая кислота)12) Фирменный знак: Leslie Taylor Associates, Inc.13) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: ПВА (lost time accident), ППА (lost time accidents), потеря времени при авариях (lost time accident), простой при авариях (lost time accidents)14) Сетевые технологии: Long Term Archiving15) Сахалин Р: lost time accident16) Общественная организация: Land Trust Alliance17) Международные перевозки: lighter than air system (airships) -
6 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
7 law
n1) закон- in law2) право; правоведение; законодательство- take law proceedings against smb.- institute law proceedings against smb.4) закон (природы, научный)5) правило•- land law- remain under the protection and authority of the principles of international law- club law- case law- good law- law act- air law -
8 marketing
сущ.1) эк. торговля, реализация, продажа, сбыт (процесс передачи товаров от производителей промежуточным или конечным потребителям)ATTRIBUTES: cooperative, direct 1. 3), domestic 1. 2) а), global 1. 1) а), local 1. 1) а), mass 3. 1) а), national 1. 1) а), regional
See:cooperative marketing 2), direct marketing 2), domestic marketing 2), global marketing 2), 1), local marketing 2), mass marketing 2), national marketing 2), regional marketing 2) marketing authority, marketing behaviour 2), marketing board, marketing contract, marketing facilities 1), marketing level 2), marketing outlet 2), marketing permit, marketing position 2), marketing potential 2), marketing quota, marketing territory, marketing transaction 2), marketing year, usual marketing requirements, advertising, selling, merchandising2) марк. маркетинг (система методов и средств продвижения товаров или услуг от производителя к потребителю; включает анализ рынка, дизайн, разработку упаковки, разработку системы сбыта, рекламу и т. д.)marketing director — маркетинговый директор, директор по маркетингу
marketing expert — маркетинговый эксперт, эксперт в области маркетинга
marketing expertise — маркетинговая экспертиза, экспертная оценка в области маркетинга
Do we need to improve marketing or simply drop a particular product? — Нужно ли нам улучшить маркетинг или лучше отказаться от какого-л. продукта?
Internet marketing is not as difficult as it sounds. — Маркетинг в интернет не так сложен, как может показаться.
ATTRIBUTES: affinity, agricultural, ambush, back end, bank, bench, brand, business site, business-to-business, buzz, catalogue, cause-related, celebrity, circulation, competitive, concentrated 1) а), consumer goods, consumer, consumer-oriented, convergent, conversion, cooperative, corporate, counter, cross, customized, database, data-driven, developing, differentiated, dimensional, direct mail, direct, direct response, divergent, domestic 2) а), door-to-door, electronic, enlightened, ethnic, event, exponential, export 3. 2) а), farm 1. 1) а), financial 1. 2) а), foreign 1. 1) б), fraudulent, front end, full-scale, generic, geodemographic, global 1. 1) б), grassroots, green, grey, health care, housing, idea, incentive, industrial 1. 1) а), а, innovative, integrated, interactive, international, Internet, joint, knowledge-based, leveraged, list, local 1. 1) а), mass, media, multichannel, multilevel, multisegment, multistep, national 1. 1) а), negative option, network, niche, non-profit, one-step, one-to-one, on-line, operational, opt-in, opt-out, organic, organizational, permission, person, personal, personnel, place, product, product-differentiated, product-oriented, promotion, promotional, referral, regional, request, retail, scientific, segmented, sense-of-mission, service 1. 2) а), shopper, social, societal, sports, stimulating, strategic, structure, supporting, symbiotic, synchro, tactical, target 3. 2) а), targeted, telephone, television, test, trade, undifferentiated, unsegmented, vacation, value, vendor, video, viral, world
See:affinity marketing, agricultural marketing, agrimarketing, ambush marketing, back end marketing, back-end marketing, bank marketing, benchmarketing, brand marketing, business site marketing, business-to-business marketing, buzz marketing, catalogue marketing, cause-related marketing, celebrity marketing, circulation marketing, comarketing, co-marketing, competitive marketing, concentrated marketing, consumer goods marketing, consumer marketing, consumer-oriented marketing, convergent marketing, conversion marketing, cooperative marketing 1), corporate marketing, countermarketing, counter-marketing, cross-marketing, customized marketing, database marketing, data-driven marketing, demarketing, developing marketing, differentiated marketing, dimensional marketing, direct mail marketing, direct marketing 1), direct response marketing, direct-mail marketing, divergent marketing, domestic marketing 1), door-to-door marketing, electronic marketing, e-marketing, enlightened marketing, ethnic marketing, event marketing, events marketing, exponential marketing, export marketing, farm marketing, financial marketing, foreign marketing, fraudulent marketing, front end marketing, front-end marketing, full-scale marketing, generic marketing, geodemographic marketing, global marketing 1), grassroots marketing, green marketing, grey marketing, health care marketing, housing marketing, idea marketing, incentive marketing, industrial marketing, innovative marketing, integrated marketing, interactive marketing, international marketing, 2), joint marketing, knowledge-based marketing, leveraged marketing, list marketing, local marketing 1), macromarketing, mass marketing 1), media marketing, megamarketing, micromarketing, micro-marketing, multilevel marketing, multisegment marketing, multistep marketing, multi-step marketing, national marketing 1), negative option marketing, network marketing, niche marketing, non-profit marketing, one-step marketing, one-to-one marketing, on-line marketing, operational marketing, opt-in marketing, opt-out marketing, organic marketing, organizational marketing, permission marketing, person marketing, personal marketing, personnel marketing, place marketing, political candidate marketing, political marketing, pre-emptive marketing, premarketing, pre-marketing, product marketing, product-differentiated marketing, product-oriented marketing, promotion marketing, promotional marketing, referral marketing, regional marketing 1), remarketing, request marketing, retail marketing, scientific marketing, segmented marketing, sense-of-mission marketing, services marketing, shopper marketing, social marketing, societal marketing, sports marketing, stimulating marketing, strategic marketing, structure marketing, supporting marketing, symbiotic marketing, synchro marketing, synchromarketing, tactical marketing, target marketing, targeted marketing, telemarketing, telephone marketing, television marketing, test marketing, trade marketing, undifferentiated marketing, unsegmented marketing, vacation marketing, value marketing, vendor marketing, video marketing, viral marketing, world marketing, marketing action, marketing administration, marketing agency, marketing agreement, marketing analysis, marketing analyst, marketing appeal, marketing approach, marketing area, marketing arithmetic, marketing audit, marketing auditor, marketing behaviour 1), marketing bill, marketing budget, marketing campaign, marketing capability, marketing career, marketing chain, marketing channel, marketing communications, marketing company, marketing concept, marketing consultant, marketing control, marketing cooperation, marketing cooperative, marketing cost, marketing database, marketing decision, marketing department, marketing editor, marketing effectiveness, marketing efficiency, marketing environment, marketing ethics, marketing evaluation, marketing event, marketing expenditure, marketing expense, marketing expense-to-sales analysis, marketing experiment, marketing facilities 2), marketing feasibility, marketing firm, marketing function, marketing image, marketing implications, marketing information system, marketing instrument, marketing intelligence, marketing intermediary, marketing launch, marketing level 1), marketing logistics, marketing man, marketing management, marketing manager, marketing margin, marketing media, marketing medium, marketing middleman, marketing mix, marketing model, marketing myopia, marketing niche, marketing offer, marketing opportunity, marketing organization, marketing orientation, marketing outlet 1), marketing overkill, marketing performance, marketing plan, marketing planning, marketing position 1), marketing positioning, marketing potential 1), marketing productivity, marketing representative, marketing research, marketing response, marketing risk, marketing science, marketing scientist, marketing segmentation, marketing service, marketing specialist, marketing spread, marketing stimulus, marketing strategy, marketing strength, marketing support, marketing system, marketing tactics, marketing technique, marketing tool, marketing transaction 1), marketing value, marketing warfare, marketing weakness, advertising, pricing, promotion, product line, ICC / ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice, ICC Guidelines / Code on Advertising and Marketing on the Internet, ICC International Codes of Marketing and Advertising Practices, Journal of Marketing, Marketing Society, American Marketing Association, British Institute of Marketing, Chartered Institute of Marketing, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation3) торг. покупка продуктов (как правило, на рынке), закупка провизииI could prove that any male could do the weekly marketing at our local Ding Dong faster than any Mom. — Могу сказать с уверенностью, что любой мужчина может закупать провизию в нашем местном "Динг-Донге" быстрее домохозяйки.
See:4) потр., редк. предметы торговли; купленные товары [продукты\]See:
* * *
маркетинг: система методов и средств продвижения товаров от производителя к потребителю; включает анализ рынка, дизайн, разработку упаковки, организацию сбыта, рекламу и т. д.* * *. система организации производственно-сбытовой деятельности предприятия, в основе которой лежит комплексное изучение рынка, оценка и учет всех условий производства и сбыта продукции, товаров, услуг в ближайшее и более отдаленной перспективе. Основными элементами М. выступают: маркетинговые исследования и сбор информации, планирование ассортимента продукции, реализация, реклама и стимулирование сбыта. . Словарь экономических терминов 1 .* * *маркетинг’процесс выявления, максимизации и удовлетворения потребительского спроса на изделия компании -
9 Article 12
In the Russian Federation local self-government shall be recognized and guaranteed. Local self-government shall be independent within the limits of its authority. The bodies of local self-government shall not be part of the system of bodies of state authority.__________ <На русском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (Russian)"]Статья 12[/ref]> <На немецком языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (German)"]Artikel 12[/ref]> <На французском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (French)"]Article 12[/ref]>The Constitution of Russia. English-Russian dictionary > Article 12
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10 aerodrome
abandoned aerodromeнедействующий аэродромaerodrome accumulator plantаэродромная аккумуляторная зарядная станцияaerodrome adverse weatherсложные метеоусловия в районе аэродромаaerodrome air pictureвоздушная обстановка в зоне аэродромаaerodrome alerting procedureпорядок действий по тревоге на аэродромеaerodrome alerting serviceаэродромная служба аварийного оповещенияaerodrome alert measuresдействия по аэродрому при объявлении тревогиaerodrome alert roomпомещение на аэродроме для размещения дежурных экипажейaerodrome alert statusсостояние готовности аэродрома по тревоге, состояние готовности служб аэродрома по тревогеaerodrome alert systemсистема объявления тревоги на аэродромеaerodrome altitudeвысота аэродромаaerodrome approachподход к зоне аэродромаaerodrome approach aidsаэродромные средства захода на посадкуaerodrome approach areaзона подхода к аэродромуaerodrome approach chartкарта подходов к аэродромуaerodrome approach control systemсистема управления подходом к аэродромуaerodrome approach lightsаэродромные огни приближенияaerodrome approach roadподъездная дорога к аэродромуaerodrome authorityадминистрация аэродромаaerodrome beaconаэродромный маякaerodrome boundaryграница аэродромаaerodrome calmотсутствие ветра в районеaerodrome categoryкатегория аэродромаaerodrome chartсхема аэродромаaerodrome check pointконтрольная точка аэродромаaerodrome checkpointконтрольная площадка на аэродромеaerodrome check-point signуказатель контрольного ориентира аэродромаaerodrome circleкруг полета над аэродромомaerodrome circlingполет по кругу над аэродромомaerodrome circuitкруг полета над аэродромомaerodrome circuit-circlingполет по кругу над аэродромомaerodrome climatographical tableаэродромная метеорологическая таблицаaerodrome climatological summaryаэродромная метеосводкаaerodrome complexаэродромный комплексaerodrome conditionsаэродромная обстановкаaerodrome controlуправление в зоне аэродромаaerodrome control communicationаэродромная командная связьaerodrome controlled zoneзона, контролируемая авиадиспетчерской службой аэродромаaerodrome controllerдиспетчер аэродромаaerodrome control pointаэродромный диспетчерский пунктaerodrome control radarдиспетчерский аэродромный радиолокаторaerodrome control radioаэродромная радиостанция командной связиaerodrome control sectorзона контроля аэродрома диспетчерской службойaerodrome control serviceслужба управления движением в зоне аэродромаaerodrome control towerаэродромный диспетчерский пунктaerodrome control tower clearanceразрешение аэродромного диспетчерского пунктаaerodrome control unitаэродромный диспетчерский пунктaerodrome cultureискусственные сооружения в районе аэродромаaerodrome directoryсправочник по аэродромамaerodrome drainageдренаж аэродромаaerodrome drainage systemдренажная система аэродромаaerodrome elevationпревышение аэродромаaerodrome emergencyаварийная обстановка на аэродромеaerodrome emergency exerciseотработка действий на случай аварийной обстановки в аэропортуaerodrome emergency planningразработка мероприятий на случай аварийной обстановки на аэродромеaerodrome emergency serviceаэродромная аварийная службаaerodrome engineeringпроектирование и строительство аэродромовaerodrome engineering instructorсоветник по проектированию и строительству аэродромовaerodrome environmentусловия в районе аэродромаaerodrome environsприаэродромная территорияaerodrome fencingограждение аэродромаaerodrome flight information serviceаэродромная служба полетной информацииaerodrome forecastпрогноз по аэродромуaerodrome forecast materialметеоданные по аэродромуaerodrome graded areaспланированный участок аэродромаaerodrome ground profileпрофиль местности в районе аэродромаaerodrome ground signalназемный аэродромный сигналaerodrome ground visibilityвидимость у земли в зоне аэродромаaerodrome handing capacityпропускная способность аэродромаaerodrome hazard beaconаэродромный заградительный маякaerodrome identificationопознавание аэродромаaerodrome identification signопознавательный знак аэродромаaerodrome in questionуказанный аэродромaerodrome ladndmarkназемный аэродромный ориентирaerodrome lavatory trackаэродромный ассенизаторaerodrome lavatory truckаэродромный ассенизаторaerodrome layoutсхема аэродромаaerodrome levelвысота аэродромаaerodrome lightingаэродромное светосигнальное оборудованиеaerodrome locating beaconаэродромный приводной маякaerodrome marking systemсистема маркировки аэродромаaerodrome marshallerаэродромный сигнальщикaerodrome master planгенеральный план аэродромаaerodrome meteorological minimaметеорологический минимум аэродромаaerodrome minimaминимум аэродромаaerodrome movement areaзона движения воздушных судовaerodrome networkаэродромная сетьaerodrome observationнаблюдение за аэродромомaerodrome obstruction chartкарта аэродромных препятствийaerodrome of callаэродром выхода на радиосвязьaerodrome of departureаэродром вылетаaerodrome of intended landingаэродром предполагаемой посадкиaerodrome of originаэродром припискиaerodrome operating minimaэксплуатационный минимум аэродромаaerodrome operationэксплуатация аэродромаaerodrome pavementаэродромное покрытиеaerodrome pressureдавление на аэродромеaerodrome reference codeкодовое обозначение аэродромаaerodrome reference pointконтрольный ориентир аэродромаaerodrome reference temperatureрасчетная температура воздухаaerodrome reportсводка по аэродромуaerodrome rulesруководство по производству полетов в зоне аэродромаAerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids SectionСекция аэродромов, воздушных трасс и наземных средств(ИКАО) aerodrome security lightingсветосигнальное оборудование аэродрома для обеспечения безопасностиaerodrome serviceаэродромное обслуживание(диспетчерское) aerodrome service roadслужебная дорога на аэродромеaerodrome siteрайон размещения аэродромаaerodrome snow windrowснежные заносы на аэродромеaerodrome stripлетная полоса аэродромаaerodrome strip markerуказатель летной полосы аэродромаaerodrome surveillance radarобзорный аэродромный радиолокаторaerodrome taxi circuitсхема руления по аэродромуaerodrome trafficдвижение в зоне аэродромаaerodrome traffic circuitаэродромный круг полетовaerodrome traffic circuit operationполет по кругу в районе аэродромаaerodrome traffic control zoneзона аэродромного управления воздушным движениемaerodrome traffic patternсхема движения в зоне аэродромаaerodrome traffic zoneзона движения в районе аэродромаaerodrome usabilityстепень загрузки аэродромаaerodrome usability factorкоэффициент использования аэродромаaerodrome utilization factorкоэффициент использования аэродромаaerodrome utilization rateстепень использования аэродромаaerodrome vehicle operationэксплуатация аэродромных транспортных средствaerodrome visual aidsаэродромные визуальные средстваaerodrome warningпредупреждение по аэродромуaerodrome wind distributionроза ветров аэродромаaerodrome wind roseроза ветров аэродромаaerodrome wind shiftизменение направления ветра в районе аэродромаaerodrome wind sockаэродромный ветроуказательall-weather aerodromeвсепогодный аэродромalternate aerodromeзапасный аэродромarrival aerodromeаэродром прилетаarrive over the aerodromeприбывать в зону аэродромаauxiliary aerodromeдополнительный аэродромbase aerodromeаэродром постоянного базированияcarry out a circuit of the aerodromeвыполнять круг полета над аэродромомcategorized aerodromeкатегорированный аэродромcircle the aerodromeлетать по кругу над аэродромомcivil aerodromeгражданский аэродромcoastal aerodromeбереговой аэродромconcrete-surfaced aerodromeаэродром с бетонным покрытиемcontrolled aerodromeаэродром с командно-диспетчерской службойdebarkation aerodromeаэродром выгрузкиdepot aerodromeбазовый аэродромdestination aerodromeаэродром назначенияdomestic aerodromeаэродром местных воздушных линийembarkation aerodromeаэродром погрузкиemergency aerodromeаэродром вынужденной посадкиen-route aerodromeаэродром на трассе полетаentry into the aerodrome zoneвход в зону аэродромаfactory aerodromeзаводской аэродромfamiliar aerodromeоблетанный аэродромfinal aerodromeконечный аэродромfog-plagued aerodromeаэродром, имеющий частые туманыget into the aerodromeприземляться на аэродромеgiven aerodromeуказанный аэродромgrass aerodromeаэродром с травяным покрытиемhard surface aerodromeаэродром с твердым покрытиемhelicopter aerodromeвертодромhigh-level aerodromeгорный аэродромhome aerodromeаэродром припискиidentify the aerodrome from the airопознавать аэродром с воздухаintermediate aerodromeпромежуточный аэродромjet aerodromeаэродром для реактивных воздушных судовjoint civil and military aerodromeаэродром совместного базирования гражданского и военных воздушных судовkey aerodromeузловой аэродромland aerodromeсухопутный аэродромlanding aerodromeаэродром посадкиlanding off the aerodromeпосадка вне аэродромаlayout of aerodrome markingsмаркировка аэродромаlocal aerodromeаэродром местного значенияlogistics aerodromeаэродром материально-технического обеспеченияmain aerodromeглавный аэродромmilitary aerodromeвоенный аэродромmunicipal commercial aerodromeмуниципальный аэродром для коммерческой авиацииnonradar aerodromeаэродром без радиолокационных средствoperate from the aerodromeвыполнять полеты с аэродромаoperational aerodromeоперативный аэродромparticipating aerodromeзадействованный аэродромpermanent aerodromeстационарный аэродромprincipal aerodromeосновной аэродромprovisional aerodromeвременный аэродромreceiving aerodromeаэродром прилетаrefuelling aerodromeаэродром, обеспечивающий заправку топливомregular aerodromeрегулярный аэродромreserve aerodromeрезервный аэродромrigid pavement aerodromeаэродром с жестким покрытиемsatellite aerodromeвспомогательный аэродромsupplementary aerodromeдополнительный аэродромtakeoff aerodromeаэродром вылетаtemporary aerodromeвременный аэродромterminal aerodromeконечный аэродромtest aerodromeиспытательный аэродромtraining aerodromeучебный аэродромuncontrolled aerodromeаэродром без командно-диспетчерской службыunfamiliar aerodromeнеоблетанный аэродромunmarked aerodrome obstructionsнемаркируемые аэродромные препятствияunpaved aerodromeгрунтовой аэродромX-type aerodromeаэродром с перекрещивающимися ВПП -
11 administration
сущ.1) эк. управление, администрирование; распорядительная деятельность, ведение делThe administration of certain economic goods is also different from ownership. — Распоряжение какими-л. экономическими благами — это не то же самое, что и владение этими благами.
Syn:See:administration in bankruptcy, business administration, international administration, price administration, state administration, administrative management, National System of Labour Administration, Export Administration Act, Export Administration Regulations, Bureau of Export Administration, administrator, ownership2) упр., юр. применение ( норм права), совершение, проведение, обслуживаниеadministration of law, law administration — применение норм права, исполнение законов
3)а) упр. администрация, руководство (группа лиц, занимающихся управлением какой-л. организацией, подразделением, сферой экономики и т. п.)military [civil\] administration — военная [гражданская\] администрация
Syn:See:joint venture administration, local administration, Classification and Rating Administration, administrative arrangementб) пол., преим. амер. правительство, администрация ( президент и его кабинет)See:4) гос. упр. управление, администрация ( государственный орган)Syn:See:customs administration, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Aging, Defense Technology Security Administration, Drug Enforcement Administration, Economic Cooperation Administration, Economic Development Administration, Economics and Statistics Administration, Employee Benefits Security Administration, Employment and Training Administration, Employment Standards Administration, Farm Credit Administration, Food and Drug Administration, General Services Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration
* * *
администрация: 1) управленческий аппарат компании; 2) правительство США (напр., Администрация Б. Клинтона); 3) государственный орган (аппарат): 4) назначенная по суду администрация обанкротившейся компании. -
12 government
n2) правление, управление государством, форма правления, руководство•to announce one's new government — объявлять состав своего правительства
to be designated the depositary governments — юр. назначаться в качестве правительств-депозитариев
to bring down a government — добиваться падения / отставки правительства; свергать правительство
to dismiss / to dissolve a government — отправлять в отставку / распускать правительство
to force the government into an early general election — заставлять правительство провести досрочные всеобщие выборы
to install a government — создавать / ставить у власти правительство
to pledge a government (to) — обязывать правительство (к чему-л.)
to resign one's government to smb — передавать руководство кому-л.
- all-party governmentto sweep a government from power — смещать правительство в результате убедительной победы его противников на выборах
- anti-crisis government
- at the helm of the government
- authoritarian government
- biracial government
- bourgeois government
- broadly based government
- caretaker government
- center-right government
- central government
- centralized government - civil government
- civilian government
- clean government
- coalition government
- collapse of a government
- communist government
- composition of the government
- Conservative Government
- constitutional government
- corrupt government
- crisis coalition government
- de facto government
- democratic government
- Democratic Government
- democratically elected government
- depositary government
- devolved government
- dictatorial government
- disaffection with the government
- dissolution of a government
- donor government
- elected government
- establishment of a fully independent government
- fate of the government stands to be decided
- federal government
- for the government of a country
- four-party government
- friendly government
- genocidal government
- government and opposition
- government by crony
- government has collapsed
- government has failed the people
- government has lost its credibility - government in waiting
- government is using its immense power
- government led by...
- government of a country
- government of a state
- government of national agreement
- government of national confidence
- government of national reconciliation
- government of national salvation
- government of national unity
- government of the day
- government recognized de facto
- government recognized de jure
- government survived a rebellion by Conservative MPs
- government will be for 3 months
- government within a government
- handpicked government
- head of government
- Her / His Majesty's Government
- host government
- ideological complexion of the government
- imperialist government
- in defiance of the government
- incoming government
- incompetent government
- independent government
- interim government
- inviolability of the government
- invisible government
- Labour Government
- left-bourgeois government
- left-wing government
- legitimate government
- less government
- liberal government
- local government
- majority government
- maladministration in the government
- military government
- military-backed government
- minority government
- moderate government
- more devolved government
- multiparty government
- municipal government
- national government
- national unity government
- neutral government
- newly-formed government
- on the orders of the government
- one party style of government
- opposing governments
- organs of government
- outgoing government
- overthrow of a government
- overthrown government
- parliamentary government
- post-war government
- power-sharing government
- prime minister's conduct of government
- protest to the government
- provincial government
- provisional government
- puppet government
- racist government
- reactionary government
- recipe for stable government
- refugee government
- republican government
- Republican Government
- reshuffle of the government
- restoration of a government
- rightist government
- right-wing government
- rupture of a coalition government
- scandal-tainted government - self-declared government
- shadow government
- shape of the government
- shared government
- shutdown of the government agencies
- shutdown of the government
- single-party government
- smb's challenge for government
- smb's style of government
- socialist government
- sole legitimate government
- sovereign government
- Soviet government
- stable government
- stop-gap government
- strong government
- student government
- successor government
- system of government
- then government
- totalitarian government
- transition government
- transitional government
- tripartite coalition government
- tsarist government
- uncaring government
- under the government
- under the present government
- US-backed government
- weak government
- white minority government -
13 налог
муж. tax, duty, levy;
мн. dues большой налог ≈ heavy tax большие налоги ≈ heavy taxation дополнительный налог ≈ surcharge земельный налог ≈ land-tax подушный налог ≈ head-money, poll-tax снижать налог ≈ to abate a tax взыскание налогов ≈ tax collection сбор налогов ≈ tax collection обложение налогом ≈ taxation облагать налогами ≈ to tax, to impose/levy taxes( upon) снижение налога ≈ reduction in tax освобожденный от налога ≈ tax-free плательщик налогов ≈ taxpayer подоходный налог ≈ income-tax, income tax прямой налог ≈ direct tax налог на загрязнение ≈ pollution tax налог на зрелища ≈ entertainment tax снижение налогов ≈ degression облагать налогом ≈ to levy a tax on, to assess, to tax прямые налоги ≈ direct taxes дифференцированный налог ≈ classified tax косвенные налоги ≈ indirect taxes чрезмерный налогм. фин. due, duty, levy, imposition, tax;
государственный ~ state (national) tax;
дополнительный ~ surtax, surcharge, surcharge tax;
дополнительный ~ на сверхприбыль excess profit levy;
имущественный ~ assessed tax;
импортный ~ import tax;
косвенный ~ indirect tax;
местный ~ local tax;
натуральный ~ tax in kind;
подоходный ~ income tax, tax on income;
подушный ~ capitation tax;
прямой ~ direct tax;
таможенный ~ customs tax;
экспортный ~ export tax;
~ на дивиденды dividend tax;
~ на добавленную стоимость value-added tax;
~ на жалование служащих salary tax;
~ на личное (движимое) имущество personal property tax;
~ на недвижимое имущество real estate tax;
~ на нераспределённую прибыль undistributed profit tax;
~ на ценные бумаги tax on investments;
~ на собственность за вычетом долгов net worth tax;
~ по соцстраху tax on social security;
~ с наследства и дарения legacy tax;
~ с нетоварных операций tax on non-commercial operations;
~ с оборота sales tax;
облагать ~ом tax, levy taxes on,impose taxes on, lay* taxes on;
освобождение от уплаты ~а tax exemption;
освобождённый от уплаты ~а free of tax;
отменить ~ abolish a tax;
после удержания ~а after tax;
правила взимания ~а tax treatment;
система сбора ~ов путём вычета из заработной платы pay-as-you-earn system;
скидка с ~а tax relief;
уплата ~а payment of tax;
уклоняющееся от уплаты ~а лицо tax evader;
~овый tax attr. ;
~овая декларация tax return, tax declaration;
представить ~овую декларацию file an income tax return;
~овая льгота tax incentive, tax credit, tax deduction;
~овая система fiscal system;
~овая ставка taxe rate;
предельная ~овая ставка marginal tax rate;
снижение ~овых ставок tax rebate;
~овое право fiscal law;
~овое управление taxation authority, tax office;
~овые поступления tax revenues;
~овый инспектор tax collector, assessor;
~овый режим tax order;
'налоговый рай' (страна, куда переводятся капиталы с целью уменьшения налоговых платежей) Уtax heavenФ. -
14 government
1. n правительство2. n форма правления3. n управление, руководствоthe form of government — форма управления, режим
4. n провинция; штат5. n фин. проф. государственные ценные бумагиСинонимический ряд:1. act of governing (noun) act of governing; bureaucracy; command; control of state; dominion; equity; power; ruling2. control (noun) administration; control; direction; governance; management; regime; rule3. system of administration (noun) assembly; congress; executive branch; legislature; parliament; supreme authority; system of administration -
15 band
I 1. сущ.1) общ. группа ( людей)2) общ. банда, шайка3) соц. отряд* (форма социальной организации в примитивных обществах, как правило, обществах охотников и собирателей, представляющая собой небольшую группу людей с простой социальной структурой)See:2. гл.общ. объединяться (для каких-л. совместных действий)II 1. сущ.1) общ. лента, обод, пояс; полоса; связкаSee:2) общ. связующее звено, узы ( морального или юридического порядка)3) диапазон, область, интервал, зонаа) общ. (пределы распространения чего-л.; расстояние, промежуток между чем-л.)б) фин. (интервал значений цен или какие-л. категории в рамках серии, ограниченной таким интервалом; используется преимущественно в финансовом контексте)your home was placed in one of eight valuation bands — ваш дом попадает в одну из восьми ценовых категорий
в) эк. тр. разряд [диапазон, интервал\] заработной платы*, зарплатный интервал* (диапазон заработной платы, соответствующий определенному типу должности, квалификации работника и т. д.)Pay bands are designed to provide pay-setting flexibility and to improve recruitment and retention of critical employees. — Интервалы оплаты труда устанавливаются таким образом, чтобы обеспечить гибкость выбора размера оплаты и обеспечить наем и удержание ключевого персонала.
Syn:See:г) эк. ценовой коридор [диапазон\]* (диапазон колебаний курсов валюты, ценных бумаг, финансовых инструментов или цен товара)The European Monetary System sets a narrow band against a central rate of conversion to the Deutchmark of +/- 2,5 % or a broad band of +/- 6%. — Европейская валютная система предписывает узкий ценовой коридор коэффициента перевода валют в немецкую марку порядка +/- 2,5% и широкий канал порядка +/- 6%.
See:д) гос. фин., брит. (четыре периода погашения векселей, установленные Банком Англии с целью оказания влияния на краткосрочные процентные ставки на денежном рынке; первый период погашения составляет от 1 до 14 дней, второй — от 15 до 33 дней, третий — от 34 до 63 дней, четвертый — от 64 до 91 дня; эти периоды погашения распространяются на казначейские векселя, векселя местных органов власти и приемлемые банковские векселя)See:2. гл.1) общ. завязывать; связывать, соединятьSee:2) фин. группировать, распределять по родам, интервалам или категориям ( употребляется преимущественно в финансовом контексте)Single adults in a property banded above D will pay more. — Не состоящие в браке взрослые лица будут платить больше в случае, если по классификации собственности они относятся к категории не ниже D.
See:
* * *
диапазон, интервал: предел колебания курса.* * *Область. Интервал. Диапазон.. . Словарь терминов по риск-медеджменту .* * *Финансы/Кредит/Валюта-----Ценные бумаги/Биржевая деятельность -
16 planning
сущ.1) упр. планирование, проектирование, составление плана [проекта, программы\] (составление плана деятельности какого-л. лица или организации на будущий период; одна из функций менеджмента)planning flow — процесс планирования, последовательность процесса планирования
See:CHILD [agent\]: governmental planning, local planning, state planning CHILD [object\]: advanced product quality planning, advertising planning, administrative planning 2), budget planning, business planning, business continuity planning, capacity planning, career planning, contingency planning, corporate planning, cost planning, day-to-day production planning, directive planning, enterprise resource planning, entrepreneurial planning, estate planning, financial planning, human resource planning, insurance planning, inventory planning, investment planning, journey planning, manpower planning, marketing planning, master planning, media planning, new product planning, operational planning, operations planning, pension planning, personnel planning, planning department, price planning, product planning, profit planning, recruitment planning, risk response planning, rough-cut capacity planning, shift planning, social planning, strategic planning, tax planning, urban planning CHILD [method\]: adaptive planning, aggregate planning, backward planning, bottom-up planning, decomposition planning, forward planning, Hoshin planning, network planning, retrospective planning, scenario planning, top-down planning, top-down/bottom-up planning CHILD [time\]: long-term planning, medium-term planning, short-term planning, planning period, planning bureau, planning manager, planning and control cycle, management, programming, plan2) эк. планирование (экономики), экономическое планирование (метод регулирования экономики с помощью постановки долговременных целей развития и выработки программ, направленных на достижение этих целей)See:* * *. . Словарь экономических терминов . -
17 BAND
(диапазон) 1. Торговый интервал, установленный верхней и нижней границей цены товара или курса валюты, например европейский валютный механизм (см.: European Monetary System (Европейская валютная система)) устанавливает узкий диапазон колебания центрального обменного курса немецкой марки в пределах 2,5% или широкий диапазон в пределах 6%. 2. Четыре интервала срока обращения ценных бумаг, устанавливаемые Банком Англии с целью оказать влияние на процентные ставки по краткосрочным кредитам на денежном рынке. Эти интервалы устанавливаются для казначейских векселей (Treasury bills), векселей местных органов власти (Local authority bills) и первоклассных банковских акцептов (см.: eligible paper (“приемлемая” ценная бумага)); к первому интервалу относят ценные бумаги со сроком обращения от 1 до 14 дней, ко второму-от 15 до 33 дней, к третьему-от 34 до 63 дней и к четвертому-от 64 до 91 дня. -
18 Article 15
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation shall have the supreme juridical force, direct action and shall be used on the whole territory of the Russian Federation. Laws and other legal acts adopted in the Russian Federation shall not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation.2. The bodies of state authority, the bodies of local self-government, officials, private citizens and their associations shall be obliged to observe the Constitution of the Russian Federation and laws. 3. Laws shall be officially published. Unpublished laws shall not be used. Any normative legal acts concerning human rights, freedoms and duties of man and citizen may not be used, if they are not officially published for general knowledge. 4. The universally-recognized norms of international law and international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation shall be a component part of its legal system. If an international treaty or agreement of the Russian Federation fixes other rules than those envisaged by law, the rules of the international agreement shall be applied. __________ <На русском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (Russian)"]Статья 15[/ref]> <На немецком языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (German)"]Artikel 15[/ref]> <На французском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (French)"]Article 15[/ref]>The Constitution of Russia. English-Russian dictionary > Article 15
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19 Article 72
1. The joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation includes:a) providing for the correspondence of the constitutions and laws of the Republics, the charters and other normative legal acts of the territories, regions, cities of federal importance, autonomous regions or autonomous areas to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal laws;b) protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen; protection of the rights of national minorities; ensuring the rule of law, law and order, public security, border zone regime; c) issues of possession, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources; d) delimitation of state property; e) nature utilization, protection of the environment and ensuring ecological safety; specially protected natural territories, protection of historical and cultural monuments; f) general issues of upbringing, education, science, culture, physical culture and sports; g) coordination of issues of health care; protection of the family, maternity, paternity and childhood; social protection, including social security; h) carrying out measures against catastrophes, natural calamities, epidemics, elimination of their aftermath; i) establishment of common principles of taxation and dues in the Russian Federation; j) administrative, administrative procedure, labour, family, housing, land, water, and forest legislation; legislation on subsoil and environmental protection; k) personnel of the judicial and law enforcement agencies; the Bar, notaryship; l) protection of traditional living habitat and of traditional way of life of small ethnic communities; m) establishment of common principles of organization of the system of bodies of state authority and local self-government; n) coordination of international and foreign economic relations of the subjects of the Russian Federation, fulfillment of international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation.2. Provisions of this Article shall be equally valid for the Republics, territories, regions, cities of federal importance, autonomous regions or autonomous areas.__________ <На русском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (Russian)"]Статья 72[/ref]> <На немецком языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (German)"]Artikel 72[/ref]> <На французском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (French)"]Article 72[/ref]>The Constitution of Russia. English-Russian dictionary > Article 72
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20 governance
•• government, governance
•• Government 1. the political direction or control exercised over a nation, state, community, etc. 2. the form or system by which a nation, state, community, etc. is governed. 3. a governing body or persons. 4. control or rule (The Random House Dictionary).
•• Governance governing, control (Oxford American Dictionary).
•• О важном отличии употребления слова government в британском и американском вариантах английского языка рассказано в статье American English/British English. Поскольку в британском употреблении это слово, как и у нас, означает обычно правительство, кабинет министров, здесь мы будем говорить в основном об особенностях американской трактовки этого слова. Она связана прежде всего с тем, что для американцев government – это система правления, государственной власти и все, что с ней связано. Согласно доктрине разделения властей (separation of powers) государственная власть делится на законодательную, исполнительную и судебную (суды для американцев тоже government), которые взаимно сдерживают друг друга (система checks and balances – сдержек и противовесов). Далее, государственное управление имеет несколько уровней – федеральный, штатный, муниципальный (местный). Для американцев это тоже government. А вот сказать the Clinton government (или the Nixon government) нельзя. Это лишь часть того, что американцы называют the government (в этом смысле всегда с определенным артиклем), а тех, кто «приходит и уходит» с каждым президентом (кабинет министров – кстати, министры в США, как и в Великобритании, Secretaries - и других политических назначенцев), американцы называют the Administration.
•• При минимальном внимании переводчик без особого труда сделает правильный выбор. Вот несколько примеров:
•• 1. I had had many years of experience in government (George Kennan). [Rachel Carson] went to work for the government, editing and writing pamphlets for the Fish and Wildlife Service of the Interior Department (Washington Post). В обоих случаях government – государственная служба. Обратим внимание на Interior Department. Это, конечно, не министерство внутренних дел в нашем понимании, а скорее министерство природных (если угодно, внутренних) ресурсов;
•• 2. Americans jealously, even obsessively guard their rights and are suspicious of government authority. – Американцы ревностно, болезненно-непримиримо оберегают свои права и с подозрением относятся к власти;
•• 3. Kremlin funding for social services is sparse, and much of the burden falls on cash-poor and often corrupt local governments (Washington Post). Здесь governments – местные органы власти.
•• Действительно, американцы не слишком тепло относятся к government. В глазах большинства из них государство – это не только никем не любимые налоги, но и вообще нечто казенное. Соответственно выражение government issue (так говорят о форменной одежде и т.п.) – это казенное имущество. Кстати, сокращение GI, вошедшее в язык во время Второй мировой войны, – отсюда. Так до сих пор называют американских солдат.
•• В последнее время среди политиков, журналистов и социологов приобрело популярность слово governance, которое уже невозможно отнести, как это делают наши словари, к чисто книжной лексике. Вот заголовок статьи обозревателя «Нью-Йорк таймс» Томаса Фридмана – The Big Issue Now Is Competent Governance. Речь в ней идет об управлении жизнью общества. Чтобы было яснее, приведу довольно пространную цитату: With the collapse of communism, virtually every country has the same “hardware.” That is, they have all adopted free market capitalism to one degree or another. But where they differ is the “software” – the institutions of governance, be they regulatory bodies, a watchdog press, or uncorrupted courts, civil service, parliaments and police. Встречается также выражение corporate governance – структуры и методы управления корпорациями.
•• * В последнее время часто употребляется словосочетание good governance. Требование обеспечить good governance выдвигается международными «донорами» в качестве условия предоставления помощи развивающимся странам. Необходимость good governance признана в документах ООН, например в Плане действий, принятом в Иоханнесбурге:
•• Good governance within each country and at the international level is essential for sustainable development. At the domestic level, sound environmental, social and economic policies, democratic institutions responsive to the needs of the people, the rule of law, anti-corruption measures, gender equality and an enabling environment for investment are the basis for sustainable development.
•• Второе предложение можно считать своего рода рабочим определением этого понятия. К сожалению, русская служба письменных переводов ООН приняла в качестве перевода неудачный, на мой взгляд, вариант благое управление. Отчасти оправдывает ооновских переводчиков необходимость иметь во всех официальных текстах ООН одно и только одно соответствие английскому термину. Существует мнение, что это выражение пришло в английский язык из китайского, а именно из учения Конфуция о «хорошем управлении государством».
•• И хотя некоторые коллеги считают, что с вариантом благое управление придется смириться, мне кажется, что еще можно побороться. По смыслу (особенно когда речь идет о требовании good governance) это то, что мы назвали бы наведением порядка во власти/управлении/государстве. В зависимости от контекста можно использовать варианты порядок во власти/управлении/государстве и даже оздоровление власти. И все же в большинстве случаев по чисто прагматическим причинам придется выбрать вариант, включающий в себя слово управление (нередко, но не всегда – государственное управление). Здесь возможны варианты надлежащее/адекватное/правильное управление (в последнем варианте – тавтология, но он, по-моему, вполне отражает смысл).
•• Интересно выражение global governance. Глобальное управление слишком похоже на «мировое правительство», от стремления создать которое все открещиваются. Неплохие варианты – управление глобальными процессами или глобальная управляемость. Corporate governance – корпоративное управление, хотя мне встречалось также внутрикорпоративное управление и даже принципы корпоративного поведения. Может быть, последнее, как утверждают сторонники этого варианта, и лучше отражает суть понятия, но надо помнить, что условен и английский термин и, как следствие, его перевод. Поэтому во избежание путаницы стоит, наверное, остановиться на первом варианте.
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